Beiträge

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The Connectivity of Things: Network Cultures since 1832

Nets hold, connect, and catch. They ensnare, bind, and entangle. Our social networks owe their name to a conceivably strange and ambivalent object. But how did the net get into the network? And how can it reasonably represent the connectedness of people, things, institutions, signs, infrastructures, and even nature? The Connectivity of Things by Sebastian Giessmann, the first media history that addresses the overwhelming diversity of networks, attempts to answer all these questions and more.

Reconstructing the decisive moments in which networking turned into a veritable cultural technique, Giessmann takes readers below the street to the Parisian sewers and to the Suez Canal, into the telephone exchanges of Northeast America, and on to the London Underground. His brilliant history explains why social networks were discovered late, how the rapid rise of mathematical network theory was able to take place, how improbable the invention of the internet was, and even what diagrams and conspiracy theories have to do with it all. A primer on networking as a cultural technique, this translated German classic explains everything one ever could wish to know about networks.

A media history of the material and infrastructural features of networking practices, a German classic translated for the first time into English.

The MIT Press, Infrastructures Series
October 15, 2024
444 pp., 6 x 9 in, 82 b&w illus. „The Connectivity of Things: Network Cultures since 1832“ weiterlesen

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La science et la vie

There’s much to be said about this title page of the French journal La science et la vie. It comes with all the ambivalent connotations of gender, telephony, labor and automation history. We can still see a shadow of „la demoiselle du téléphone“ in the center of the image. Yet, the telephone girl or „Fräulein vom Amt“ has become a non-human switching machine in 1927. Experts of telephone infrastructure are going to notice the rotary selector and a stepping switch at the bottom of the image. Plus, the switching network in the center shows a line of alphabetic letters.

This circuit with letters points to an unusual feature of Paris telephone switchboards of the time. The first three letters of a telephone code indicated the telephone exchange. They were followed by four digits representing the person being called, which correspond here to the four dials of the “brain.” The seven-digit number could be entered using dials on which the twenty-five letters were printed.

Besides this technical dimension of social addressing, this title page also invokes older, reticular representations of networks. Blue and red lines remind us of the color conventions in anatomy and blood circulation, and thus provide a rather corporeal link for the telephone call of a man and a woman. More on telephone networking can be found in chapter 5 of „The Connectivity of Things: Network Cultures since 1832.“

Title page of the journal La science et la vie. Color lithograph, May 1927.
Title page of the journal La science et la vie. Color lithograph, May 1927.
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Charles Joseph Minard’s Statistical map of European railroad traffic

So I continue with another image that represents a significant entry in my network history The Connectivity of Things: Network Cultures since 1832. The book came out on October 15, by the way. Chapter 4 follows the twisted paths of Saint Simonianism. Yet, this week’s image is not as ambivalent as the rest of the chapter which deals with early socialism’s colonial ambitions. Polytechnicien Charles Joseph Minard’s 1862 statistical map of European railroad traffic rather underscores the Saint-Simonian ambitions for a mobilized industrial Europe. Minard’s other statistical maps and diagrams have become a classic in the history of visualizing information. But this image primarily expresses the ambitions of Saint-Simonianism to create a vibrating infrastructural network for the good of society.

Charles Joseph Minard, Statistical map of European railroad traffic of 1862. Lithograph, 1865. 97.5 cm × 76 cm.
Charles Joseph Minard, Statistical map of European railroad traffic of 1862. Lithograph, 1865. 97.5 cm × 76 cm.
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Prosper Enfantin: Colonisation de l’Algérie

This week’s image from The Connectivity of Things is a colonialist map. It was published as a fold-out part of Prosper Enfantin’s 1843 book Colonisation de l’Algérie. In this treatise, the Saint-Simonian cult leader Enfantin was upfront about the strategic placement of settlements and settlers in Algeria. While the early socialist movement of Saint-Simonians movement had started with utopian dreams of a new networked unity of orient and occident in the 1830s, this map deliberately drew a reséau de soumission –– a network of colonial submission and police power.

Chapter 3 of the book is focused on theory and heuristics of writing network history in „An Archive of Networking.“ Yet, this map features prominently in chapter 4 of the book. It is called „Channels: The Politics of Networking around 1850,“ and it deals with the ambivalent history of network ideology and practice in early socialism. There’s not just a breathtaking colonial history to be told here –– which includes the Suez Canal –– but also one of early feminism, romanticism and social engineering. I’ll come back to the Saint-Simoniennes and Saint-Simoniens next week.

Prosper Enfantin, Colonisation de l’Algérie. Engraving by L. Bouffard, lithograph by Joseph Lemercier, 1843. 49.5 cm × 66.5 cm. Courtesy of Bibliothèque Nationale de France.
Prosper Enfantin, Colonisation de l’Algérie. Engraving by L. Bouffard, lithograph by Joseph Lemercier, 1843. 49.5 cm × 66.5 cm. Courtesy of Bibliothèque Nationale de France.
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The Stele of Vultures

Chapter 2 of The Connectivity of Things: Network Cultures since 1832 is called „Six strata of network history: Genealogy of a cultural technique“. Actually, this one has been written almost exclusively from scratch for the English version of the book. It carves out two main themes of the book. Firstly, this chapter is about research on cultural techniques, and what this means for an Anglophone audience. And secondly, I am telling the longue durée story of nets and networks in a very condensed form.

This week’s image resonates with that genealogy which uncovers six strata of network history: material culture, mythology and religion, reticular nets, infrastructural nets, social networks, and network science. (Connectionist artificial intelligence might develop into a seventh stratum, but this remains to be seen.) The so-called „Stele of Vultures“ resides in today’s Louvre. In the spatial logic of the Paris museum’s collection it represents the beginning of cultural history. In the Louvre you’ll not just find the fragments of a net of power that holds and punishes the enemies of the city-state of Lagash. The stele is surrounded by a multitude of smaller objects of Sumerian everyday culture. Nonetheless, it remains a stunning testimony of ancient civilization’s symbolization of the net as a network of binding, holding, and ruling power.

Eannatum catches the enemies of the city of Lagash with a net. Fragment of the Sumerian Stele of Vultures, circa 2440 BCE. Limestone. Reconstructed original size: 130 cm × 180 cm; depth: 11 cm. Louvre, Paris, inv. no. AO 50.
Eannatum catches the enemies of the city of Lagash with a net. Fragment of the Sumerian Stele of Vultures, circa 2440 BCE. Limestone. Reconstructed original size: 130 cm × 180 cm; depth: 11 cm. Louvre, Paris, inv. no. AO 50.

 

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Paolo Veronese: L’industria

Since The Connectivity of Things: Network Cultures since 1832 is coming out on October 15 I might as well blog about some of the book’s visual elements. The book has eleven chapters, so this will be a weekly series of eleven images that convey and carry Connectivity’s narrative. These will be brief entries, since the images themselves are key protagonists of my network history. I do hope that they inspire deeper reading.

Let’s start with Paolo Veronese and his workshop who finished their allegory of „industry“ in 1577. This oil painting makes its appearance in chapter 1, which is called „Getting caught up“. It has already served as a frontispiece for the German original Die Verbundenheit der Dinge. From my point of view, it is the first heterogeneous network that represents and transcends the material net as web between nature and culture. Veronese’s network evokes a multitude of meanings, some of which I address in the first chapter. Up until today it is one of the most stunning artworks in the Palazzo Ducale of Venice.

Paolo Veronese, L’industria. Oil on canvas, 1575–1577. Palazzo Ducale, Sala del Collegio, Venice.
Paolo Veronese, L’industria. Oil on canvas, 1575–1577. Palazzo Ducale, Sala del Collegio, Venice.
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Lehrveranstaltungen im Wintersemester 2024/25

GNSS-Referenzpunkt Siegen

Im Wintersemester 2024/25 biete ich folgende Lehrveranstaltungen in der Siegener Medienwissenschaft an:

  • Medien- und Wissensgeschichte Künstlicher Intelligenz
    Unisono | Moodle
  • Ringvorlesung: Media Environments: Between Capture and Surveillance
    Unisono | Moodle
  • Internetgeschichte und Web History (Seminar Mediengeschichte)
    Unisono | Moodle
  • Susan Leigh Star und Bruno Latour
    Unisono | Moodle

Worum geht es in den Lehrveranstaltungen? „Lehrveranstaltungen im Wintersemester 2024/25“ weiterlesen

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Am Grund der Zahlung

Congress of the Swiss Sociological Association 2024 Vulnerable Societies

Mein Beitrag fragt im Rahmen des Panels „Digital Payments: Neue Vulnerabilitäten?“ nach – mithin entscheidenden – Umschlagpunkten und Leerstellen in der Medien- und Sozialgeschichte des digitalen Bezahlens. Techno-ökonomische Netzwerke werden, wie Michel Callon (1991) gezeigt hat, im Laufe ihrer Entwicklungsverläufe irreversibel. Mich interessiert diese Produktion von Irreversibilität in den mehrfachen Digitalisierungen des Bezahlens.

Ab wann und für welche Praxisgemeinschaften kann ein Bezahlsystem als universell gelten? Lässt sich diese Universalität verstetigen, oder müssen wir mit immer neuen spezialisierten Infrastrukturen rechnen, die fortwährend neue Tokens (O’Dwyer 2023) produzieren? Wem obliegt die Übersetzung von neuen Formen des Datengelds, und wie wird es mit Plattformökonomien verknüpft? Auf welche Formen von gesellschaftlicher Vulnerabilität antworten die Versicherheitlichungen digitaler Werte? Und welche individuellen Formen von Verletzlichkeit entstehen durch sie?

Einsatzpunkte des Vortrags sind u. a. die Standardisierung der Kreditkarte parallel zur Aufhebung des Goldstandards 1971, die konstitutive Absenz von Bezahlstandards im frühen World Wide Web der 1990er Jahre (und der damit einhergehende Aufstieg von Werbenetzwerkwerken als Geschäftsmodell), der Aufstieg von PayPal aus dem Zusammenbruch der Dotcom-Blase heraus und die Konjunktion des Bitcoins mit der Finanzkrise von 2008.

Konstitutive Veränderungen der Medien des Mediums Geld, so die Annahme, indizieren mehr als ein Ringen um Marktanteile und Zugang zu sozio-ökonomischer Handlungsfähigkeit und Macht. Sie sind Arbeit am sozioökonomischen Gefüge von Gesellschaften weltweit, zu dem man in Anschluss an Bruno Latour (2002: 21) sagen kann: Je mehr Infrastrukturen, je mehr datenintensive Vermittlungen, umso realer – aber auch verletzlicher – wird finanzmediale Wirklichkeit.

Jede Vermittlung zählt. Besonders deutlich wird dies in der biometrischen Zurüstung neueren Datengeldes, das eine massive Personalisierung von Werten durch und mit Körperzeichen vornimmt. In dieser Kombination von Konto, Körper und Person zeigt sich die mediale Dimension von Bezahlsystemen als Klassifikationssystemen, durch die elementare Differenzen von class, race und gender konstituiert und – potenziell – irreversibilisiert werden.

Digital Payments: Neue Vulnerabilitäten?
11. September 2024, 13.15–14.45 Uhr
Raum 02.O.03
FHNW Campus Muttenz / Basel
Mit Beiträgen von Markus Unternährer, Antonia Steigerwald, Tatjana Graf, Carola Westermeier, Marek Jessen und Sebastian Gießmann

  • Callon, Michel. „Techno-Economic Networks and Irreversibility“. In A Sociology of Monsters? Essays on Power, Technology and Domination, herausgegeben von John Law, 132–161. London; New York: Routledge, 1991.
  • Latour, Bruno. „What is Iconoclash. Or is There a World Beyond the Image Wars?“ In Iconoclash. Beyond the Image Wars in Science, Religion and Art, herausgegeben von Bruno Latour und Peter Weibel, 14–37. Karlsruhe; Cambridge, MA; London: ZKM; MIT Press, 2002.
  • O’Dwyer, Rachel. Tokens. The Future of Money in the Age of the Platform. London; New York: Verso, 2023.
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Die erste App: kleine Geschichte der Kreditkarte

Die Kreditkarte ist ein Kind des 20. Jahrhunderts. Sie gehört zum Erbe der US-amerikanischen Konsumkultur und der „dreißig glorreichen Jahre“ des westlichen Kapitalismus nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg. Aber trotz neuer Finanztechnologien im mobilen digitalen Bezahlen bleibt sie weltweit das führende Zahlungsmittel.

Alte Kreditkarten und neue Apps mischen sich dabei auf paradoxe Weise: Sechs Jahre nach dem Start von Apple Pay als smartphone-basiertem Bezahldienst bot Apple 2020 in Zusammenarbeit mit Goldman Sachs eine eigene physische Kreditkarte an. Nun mit einem Smartphone-Wallet gekoppelt, löste sie eine Neugestaltung der bestehenden Plastikkarten aus. Die schon länger obsolete, leichte Erhöhung der persönlichen Daten, die einst durch Papierabdruck die Nutzung von Kreditkarten per Formulardurchschlag erlaubt hatte, ist verschwunden. Das soziale Prestige der Kartennutzer:in äußert sich jetzt weniger darin, mit ihrem guten Namen zu bezahlen, sondern in den Werten der Walletdaten auf ihrem mobilen Bildschirm. Namen, Kreditkartennummer und weitere persönliche Daten sind in den letzten Jahren mehr und mehr auf die Rückseite der Karten gewandert. Nach der Covid-19-Pandemie ist zudem die persönliche Unterschrift auf Rechnungen deutlich seltener geworden.

 

Mit dem Wechsel im Kartendesign reagiert die Banken- und Kreditkartenindustrie auf die von Big Tech gesetzten Maßstäbe im digitalen Bezahlen. Aber kann sie mit den nicht-westlichen Innovationsdynamiken von Finanztechnologien noch Schritt halten? Chinesische Unternehmen wie Alibaba und Tencent haben die bank-basierte Kartenform des digitalen Bezahlens durch app-basierte Dienste übersprungen. Vergleichbares gilt für die Entwicklung des mobilen Bezahlens in afrikanischen Ländern. Warum aber halten sich Kreditkarten trotzdem hartnäckig als Bezahlmittel und Geschäftsmodell, das sogar neue Allianzen mit der Welt der Krypto-Assets eingehen kann?

„Die erste App: kleine Geschichte der Kreditkarte“ weiterlesen

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The Datafied Web: Call for Contributions RESAW25

Call for Participation The Datafied Web RESAW25

Do you remember the beginnings of early metrics in the 90s, the birth of web counters, those digital pioneers that marked and started to quantify the pulse of online activity, the novelty of seeing website visits measured in real-time, eye-catching graphics becoming the currency of online attention, and the early days of companies like Webtrends, Urchin and DoubleClick?

We invite scholars, researchers, web archivists to contribute to the 6th RESAW conference on the topic of “The Datafied Web”, through a historical lens. We would like to delve into the historical roots, trends, and trajectories that shaped the data-driven paradigm in web development and to examine the genealogies of the datafied and metrified web. Historical studies of trajectories towards a databased web and the emergence of platform-driven mobile ecosystems are very welcome, as well as case studies for instance related to the development of Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) and the evolution of data-sharing practices.

Uncovering the early forms of analytics software, their origins, and the role they played in shaping the web landscape, and examining the historical context, aesthetics and role of web counters, analytics tools, mobile sensing and other metrics may also help us deepen our understanding of online interactions, past publics and audiences, and their (uneasy) trajectories. “The datafied web” also raises questions related to methods and (web) archives allowing to research this evolution: what are for instance the challenges and methodologies involved in archiving the metrified and increasingly mobile web, including the back-end infrastructure?

This theme also invites us to trace the historical trajectory of data surveillance and the evolution of data capturing practices on the web. Complementary are issues related to the historical development of tracking mechanisms, cookies, and the creation of digital footprints, as well as the evolution of companies relying on metrics, and the development of financialized web spaces and their implications.

By investigating historical controversies and debates surrounding the increasing datafication of the web and uncovering historical instances of innovative data use or resistance practices against the datafication of the web, this conference also aims at reconstructing vivid and key debates that are transversal to the history of the web. How did the datafied web provide for the sensory media environments that we are now living in?

Finally, we wish to discuss innovative research methodologies for uncovering the historical dimensions of the datafied and metrified web, as well as methods that are approaching web archives as data (from an archiving and research perspective) and explore them through distant reading, metadata, seed lists, and other methods. Plus, we want to encourage everyone to think about datafication as a practice of sensing and sense-making that creates, sustains, and undermines media environments.

This is a reblog from the original call at the RESAW homepage.
You can download a PDF version right here.

„The Datafied Web: Call for Contributions RESAW25“ weiterlesen